Social withdrawal and shyness

This chapter provides a conceptual overview of the construct of social withdrawal. It describes the developmental origins, with an emphasis on the contributions of biology and parents, and details the psychosocial costs of child and adolescent social withdrawal. Social withdrawal and shyness appear to develop from a biologically based temperamental predisposition toward heightened fear reactivity and ineffective fear regulation. From early childhood through adolescence, shyness is concurrently and predictively associated with a wide range of socioemotional difficulties. The chapter outlines the correlates and outcomes of shyness, with a focus on implications for social development. Numerous studies also indicate that many socially withdrawn youth experience peer victimization during childhood and early adolescence. The chapter suggests the potential impact of increased social isolation and solitude on socially withdrawn youth during Covid-19 global pandemic. The Covid-19 pandemic, however, may be particularly challenging for already vulnerable socially withdrawn youth. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

The Collective Organization of Delivery Workers in Brazil during the covID-19 Pandemic: A View Based on Social Media

This essay presents the results of a study on the work organization of food-delivery workers that use digital platforms in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The covid-19 pandemic exacerbated and increased the visibility of the precarious work conditions experienced by these workers, who have organized collectively throughout Brazil to demand better conditions. Based on the field of workers' health and sociological analyses of work's uberization, the study used a qualitative methodology with a data survey in online social networks and news coverage during the pandemic, complementing researchintervention strategies involving dialogues with delivery workers before the pandemic. The results feature the delivery app workers' collective mobilization and the trend in their identification as a professional category in the midst of contradictions and complexities of this process, which became emblematic with the two national strikes held in July 2020.

Information Technology: Key Attributes of Essential Federal Mission-Critical Acquisitions

The acquisition of IT systems has presented challenges to federal agencies. Accordingly, in 2015 GAO identified the management of IT acquisitions and operations as a high-risk area, a designation it retains today. GAO was asked to report on federal IT acquisitions. GAO's specific objective was to identify essential mission-critical IT acquisitions across the federal government and determine their key attributes. To identify acquisitions for the review, GAO administered a questionnaire to the 24 agencies covered by the Chief Financial Officers Act of 1990 asking them to identify their five most important mission-critical IT acquisitions. From a total of 101 acquisitions that were identified, GAO selected 16 mission critical IT acquisitions to profile in this report. The selection was based on various factors, including the acquisition's criticality to providing service to the nation, its total lifecycle costs, and its applicability to the President's Management Agenda. For each of the 16 selected acquisitions, GAO obtained and analyzed documents on cost, schedule, risks, governance, and related information;and interviewed cognizant agency officials. GAO requested comments from the 12 agencies with acquisitions profiled in its draft report and the Office of Management and Budget. In response, one agency (the Social Security Administration) provided comments that discussed the planned use of its system.